Law-Gospel-Oriented Preaching in Martin Luther\u27s Theology of Preaching

The Goal of this thesis is to study Luther\u27s theology of preaching. As we have already seen above, the first chapter outlines the world of Luther\u27s preaching. The second chapter explores Luther\u27s preaching, focusing on his specific concern for preaching. In it, we can see that Luther regards preaching as the oral Word of God. Luther believes God is speaking when the preacher preaches. This chapter will show us that Luther\u27s understanding of preaching is concentrated upon the Lord, Christ who is the content of Gospel

Melt Elongational Flow Rheometry in Converging Channels.

The basic problem in polymer melt elongational rheometry is obtaining a stable and constant elongational flow field free from shear effects. The objective of this study is to present a technique to generate plug flow and elongational flow of polymer melts in a channel geometry. The results of the study included the development of analytical and numerical solutions for flow behavior in the coextrusion of a core polymer melt encapsulated by a sufficiently low viscous skin polymer melt for linear and converging die geometries. Studying the effects of the power-law index, viscosity ratio, and flow rate ratio on the velocity profile and shear behavior indicated that essentially all of the shear gradient could be pushed into the skin layer. In converging geometries, it was thus possible to generate nearly pure elongational flow in the core by choosing an appropriate skin material. This study also demonstrated that by designing a hyperbolic die, a constant steady elongational strain rate, which was a linear function of the core flow rate, could be induced in the core. Experimental data for polypropylene as a core and polyethylene as a skin material showed good agreement of the elongational flow behavior and the predicted constant elongational rate with the model. Finally, elongational viscosity was calculated using the experimental data

Vulnerability assessment for the hazards of crosswinds when vehicles cross a bridge deck

AbstractA new procedure to assess the crosswind hazard of operating a vehicle over a bridge deck has been developed using a probabilistic approach that utilizes long-term wind data at bridge sites as well as the aerodynamic properties of bridge decks and vehicles. The proposed procedure for safety assessment considers the probabilities of two accident types: sideslip and overturning. The vulnerability of vehicles to crosswinds is represented by the number of days for traffic control that would be required to secure vehicle safety over a period of one year. The distribution of wind speed over a bridge deck was estimated from a section model wind tunnel test. A sea-crossing bridge was selected as an example, and a series of case studies were performed to identify the influential factors affecting vehicle vulnerability to crosswinds: vehicle type and loaded weight, the position of a running vehicle over a bridge deck, the bridge alignment relative to the dominant wind direction, and vehicle speed

Analysis of Stability of PV System using the Eigenvalue according to the Frequency Variation and Requirements of Frequency Protection

Abstract -Use of photovoltaic (PV) power generation system will become more widespread in the future due to anticipated cost reduction in PV technology. As the capacity of PV systems increases, a variation of power system frequency may prevent the stable output of PV system. However, the standard for the frequency protection of distributed generation in Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)'s rule does not include the setting of frequency protection. Therefore, this paper analyzes the correlation between the frequency protection requirements and the stability of grid-connected PV system for the adjustable operating setting of frequency protection. The distribution system interconnected with 3 MW PV system is modeled by Matlab/Simulink. The various values of frequency are simulated. For studied cases, the stability of PV system is analyzed. It is concluded that the setting of frequency protection is necessary to consider the stability of PV system

Non-invasive algorithm for bowel motility estimation using a back-propagation neural network model of bowel sounds

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Radiological scoring methods such as colon transit time (CTT) have been widely used for the assessment of bowel motility. However, these radiograph-based methods need cumbersome radiological instruments and their frequent exposure to radiation. Therefore, a non-invasive estimation algorithm of bowel motility, based on a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) model of bowel sounds (BS) obtained by an auscultation, was devised.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twelve healthy males (age: 24.8 ± 2.7 years) and 6 patients with spinal cord injury (6 males, age: 55.3 ± 7.1 years) were examined. BS signals generated during the digestive process were recorded from 3 colonic segments (ascending, descending and sigmoid colon), and then, the acoustical features (jitter and shimmer) of the individual BS segment were obtained. Only 6 features (<it>J_{1, 3}, J_{3, 3}, S_{1, 2}, S_{2, 1}, S_{2, 2}, S_{3, 2}</it>), which are highly correlated to the CTTs measured by the conventional method, were used as the features of the input vector for the BPNN.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>As a results, both the jitters and shimmers of the normal subjects were relatively higher than those of the patients, whereas the CTTs of the normal subjects were relatively lower than those of the patients (<it>p </it>< 0.01). Also, through <it>k</it>-fold cross validation, the correlation coefficient and mean average error between the CTTs measured by a conventional radiograph and the values estimated by our algorithm were 0.89 and 10.6 hours, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The jitter and shimmer of the BS signals generated during the peristalsis could be clinically useful for the discriminative parameters of bowel motility. Also, the devised algorithm showed good potential for the continuous monitoring and estimation of bowel motility, instead of conventional radiography, and thus, it could be used as a complementary tool for the non-invasive measurement of bowel motility.</p

Historical Biogeography of Melanthiaceae: A Case of Out-of-North America Through the Bering Land Bridge

Intercontinental floristic disjunction between East Asia and North America in the Northern Hemisphere has received much attention during the past decades, but few studies have focused on the family level. Melanthiaceae, containing 196 species and 17 genera circumscribed in five tribes, is disjunctly distributed in Eurasia and North America. It is one of the foremost models for studying the evolution of biogeographic patterns in this region. Here, we present a fossil-calibrated, molecular phylogeny of Melanthiaceae based on two chloroplast DNA datasets: one dataset includes extensive sampling (94 species representing all 17 genera of Melanthiaceae) of four chloroplast DNA regions (atpB, rbcL, matK, and ndhF) and the other includes six species representing all tribes of the family for 78 coding genes of the chloroplast genome. Within this framework, we infer the historical biogeography of Melanthiaceae. Both datasets produce well-resolved phylogenies of Melanthiaceae showing the monophyly of the family and the relationships among the five tribes. Melanthieae is found to be sister to the rest of the tribes of the family and the remaining taxa are divided into two major clades consisting of the Chionographideae + Heloniadeae clade and the Parideae + Xerophylleae clade. The molecular dating and the ancestral area analyses suggest that Melanthiaceae most likely originated in North America with its crown group dated at 92.1 mya in the late Cretaceous. The favored ancestral areas at the crown lineages of tribes are also in North America. In the family, seven independent migrations into East Asia from North America are inferred to have occurred in the Oligocene and the Miocene-Pliocene via historical paleo-land bridge connections. Cooling trends during the Oligocene resulted in the present East Asia-North America disjunct distribution, while the warm period during the middle Miocene and habitat heterogeneity stimulated diversification in East Asia. Our study provides the phylogenetic and biogeographical history of the Melanthiaceae and adds an example of “out of North America” migration in the biogeographic history of the Northern Hemisphere

Optical Spectroscopy of Supernova Remnants in M81 and M82

We present spectroscopy of 28 SNR candidates as well as one H II region in M81, and two SNR candidates in M82. Twenty six out of the M81 candidates turn out to be genuine SNRs, and two in M82 may be shocked condensations in the galactic outflow or SNRs. The distribution of [N II]/H{\alpha} ratios of M81 SNRs is bimodal. M81 SNRs are divided into two groups in the spectral line ratio diagrams: an [O III]-strong group and an [O III]-weak group. The latter have larger sizes, and may have faster shock velocity. [N II]/H{\alpha} ratios of the SNRs show a strong correlation with [S II]/H{\alpha} ratios. They show a clear radial gradient in [N II]/H{\alpha} and [S II]/H{\alpha} ratios: dLog ([N II]/H{\alpha})/dLog R = -0.018 {\pm} 0.008 dex/kpc and dLog ([S II]/H{\alpha})/dLog R = -0.016 {\pm} 0.008 dex/kpc where R is a deprojected galactocentric distance. We estimate the nitrogen and oxygen abundance of the SNRs from the comparison with shock-ionization models. We obtain a value for the nitrogen radial gradient, dLog(N/H)/dLogR = -0.023 {\pm} 0.009 dex/kpc, and little evidence for the gradient in oxygen. This nitrogen abundance shows a few times flatter gradient than those of the planetary nebulae and H II regions. We find that five SNRs are matched with X-ray sources. Their X-ray hardness colors are consistent with thermal SNRs.Comment: 19 pages, 24 figures, 5 tables, ApJ accepte